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basic specific gravity

  • 1 плотность абсолютно сухой древесины

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > плотность абсолютно сухой древесины

  • 2 эталонная плотность

    1) Engineering: basic density
    2) Metallurgy: basic specific gravity

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > эталонная плотность

  • 3 вес


    weight (wt)
    - без топлива (ла) — zero fuel weight
    - брутто — gross weight
    - в зависимости от высоты (давления) и температуры на аэродроме, максимальный (допустимый) взлетный (параграф разд. 5 рлэ) — takeoff weight-altitude-temperature (wat) curves the wat curves should be provided which limit the weight to an extent necessary to ensure compliance with the airworthiness climb requirements appropriate to takeoff.
    - в зависимости от высоты (давления) и температуры на аэродроме, максимальный (допустимый) взлетный (надпись к графику разд. 5 рлэ) — maximum takeoff weight for altitude and temperature the curves should be drawn having the altitude of the airdrome as the ordinate and airplane weight as abscissa, with lines of constant temperature.
    - в зависимости от высоты (давления) и температуры на аэродроме, максимальный (допустимый) посадочный (параграф разд. 5 рлэ) — landing weight-altitude-temperature (wat) curves the curves should be drawn to the same specification as for the takeoff wat curves.
    - в зависимости от высоты (давления) и температуры на аэродроме, максимально (допустимый) посадочный (график к разд. 5 рлэ) — maximum landing weight for altitude and temperature the graph title should be "maximum landing weight for altitude and temperature".
    -, взлетный — takeoff weight
    - в тысячах кг (на графике) — weight - thousands of kg
    -, выбранный заявителем — weight selected by the applicant
    -, гарантированный — guaranteed weight
    - десантной нагрузки — air delivery load weight
    - загруженного самолета, без топлива, максимальный — maximum zero fuel operational weight
    - заправляемого топлива, максимальный (в кг) — maximum fuel load weight
    - из условия располагаемой энергоемкости тормозов (колес), максимально допустимый взлетный — maximum allowable takeoff weight restricted /permitted/ by brake kinetic energy absorption (capacity)
    -, завышенный (напр. при посадке) — overweight
    -, максимальный взлетный — maximum takeoff weight
    -, максимально допустимый взлетный — maximum allowable takeoff weight
    -, максимальный посадочный — maximum landing weight
    -, максимальный расчетный полетный — maximum design flight weight (mfw)
    максимальный расчетный вес, ограниченный условиями прочности ла и другими требованиями летной годности. — the maximum weight for flight as limited by aircraft strength and other airworthiness requirements.
    -, максимальный (расчетный) рулежный — maximum (design) taxi weight
    максимальный предвзлетный вес ла, включающий вес топлива на выруливание и опробование двигателей. — the maximum weight allowed for ground maneuver includes weight of taxi and run-up fuel.
    -, максимальный сертифицированный (установленный в соответствии с нормами летной годности) — maximum certificate(d) weight maximum certificate weights are determined in accordance with the airworthiness requirements.
    -, маршрутный (полетный) — en-route weight
    -, минимальный — minimum weight
    -, наибольший — highest weight
    -, наименьший — lowest weight
    - начала перекачки топлива, максимальный расчетный — maximum design fuel transfer weight (mftw)
    -, ограниченный заявителем, наибольший — highest weight selected by the applicant
    -, ограниченный по набору высоты, максимально допустимый взлетный — maximum allowable takeoff weight restricted /permitted/ by climb performance
    -, ограниченный по набору высоты при уходе на второй круг, максимально допустимый посадочный — maximum allowable landing weight restricted by climb performance during go-around (сша)

    maximum landing weight permitted by balked landing climb performance (англ.)
    -, ограниченный располагаемой длиной впп, максимально допустимый посадочный — maximum allowable landing weight permitted by landing field length available
    -, ограниченный располагаемой энергоемкостью колес (тормозов), максимально допустимый взлетный — maximum allowable takeoff weight restricted /permitted/ by brake kinetic energy absorption capacity
    -, ограниченный скоростью вращения колес максимально допустимый взлетный — maximum allowable takeoff weight restricted by tire speed
    - перегрузочный — overload weight, overweight
    - по формуляру — logged weight, weight specified in log book
    - полезной нагрузки — useful load weight
    -, полетный (в рлэ, на графиках) — gross weight (gw)
    -, полетный (по британским нормам летной годности bcar) — en-route weight
    - полной нагрузки (вес экипажа, топлива и полезной нагрузки) — full load weight
    -, посадочный (нормальный) — landing weight
    - предельный — maximum weight
    - предельный, взлетный — maximum takeoff weight
    - предельный /полный/ полетный — gross weight
    - при начальном наборе высоты — climbout weight
    -, приведенный взлетный — factored takeoff weight
    - пустого самолета — empty weight
    - пустого самолета, базовый — basic empty weight (bew)
    - пустого самолета в состоянии поставки — delivery empty weight (dew) manufacturer's empty weight less any shortages, plus those standard items and operational items in aircraft at time of delivery.
    - пустого самолета, основной — basic empty weight (bew) standard basic empty weight plus or minus weight of standard item variations.
    - пустого самолета, производственный — manufacturer's empty weight (mew)
    вес конструкции, силовой установки, систем и оборудования, которые являются составной частью конкретного ла. — the weight of the structure, powerplant, furnishings, systems and other items of equipment that are considered an integral part of a particular aircraft configuration.
    - пустого самолета с полным снаряжением — operational empty weight
    - пустого снаряженного самолета — operational empty weight (oew)

    basic empty weight or fleet empty weight plus operational items.
    -, расчетный — design weight
    -, расчетный взлетный — design takeoff weight
    -, расчетный полетный — (maximum) design flight weight
    -, расчетный посадочный — design landing weight
    -, рулежный — taxi weight,
    - самолета (обозначение оси графика изменения веса в полете) — gross /en-route/ weight
    - самолета без топлива — zero fuel weight
    -, сертифицированный — certificate(d) weight
    -, скорректированный — corrected weight
    - служебной нагрузки — weight of standard items
    - снаряжения самолета (с экипажем и бортпроводниками) — weight of (aircraft) operational items
    - снаряженного самолета — operational weight
    - снаряженного самолета, взлетный — operational takeoff weight (otow)
    - снаряженного самолета, посадочный — operational landing weight (olw)
    - (самолета) с полным снаряжением (со снаряжением) — operational weight
    -, стандартный — standard weight
    -, сухой — dry weight
    вес двигателя с установленными агрегатами, без охлаждающей жидкости, масла и топлива — the weight of an engine exclusive of fuel, oil, and liquid coolant.
    - тары — tare weight
    -, транспортировочный — shipping weight
    -, удельный — specific gravity
    - удельный, топлива — fuel specific gravity
    - установленный (для конкретных условий, ограничений) — authorized weight (for takeoff or landing)
    -, чистый — net weight
    -, эксплуатационный (ла) — operational weight
    выигрыш в в. — saving of weight
    избыток в. — excess weight
    по в. — by weight
    %-ный раствор по в. — % by weight solution
    под своим в. — due to own weight
    клапан свободно входит в гильзу под действием своего веса. — the valve drops freely into the sleeve due to its own weight.
    при любом в. — at any weight
    разбивка в. (ла на составляющие: вес конструкции, топлива, снаряжения и т.д.) — weight breakdown
    выигрывать в в. — save weight
    проигрывать в в. — have weight penalty
    уменьшать в. — reduce weight
    химическое фрезерование и сотовые конструкции применяются для уменьшения веса самолета. — chemical milling and honeycomb construction are techniques developed to reduce the aircraft weight.
    увеличивать в. — increase weight

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > вес

  • 4 Memory

       To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)
       [Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)
       The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)
       4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of Psychology
       If a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)
       We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)
       The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)
       7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat Discouraging
       The results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)
       A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)
       Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....
       Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)
       When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....
       However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)
       Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)
       Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)
       The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory

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